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Screw Data

DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES FOR SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS

Nominal Size or Basic Screw Diameter	Nominal Drill Size
	Close Fit		Normal Fit
	Number or Fractional Size	Decimal Size	Number or Fractional Size	Decimal Size	Counterbore Diameter	Countersink Diameter
	A				B	C
0 0.0600	51	0.067	49	0.073	1/8	0.074
1 0.0730	46	0.081	43	0.089	5/32	0.087
2 0.0860	3/32	0.094	36	0.106	3/16	0.102
3 0.0990	36	0.106	31	0.120	7/32	0.115
4 0.1120	1/8	0.125	29	0.136	7/32	0.130
5 0.1250	9/64	0.141	23	0.154	1/4	0.145
6 0.1380	23	0.154	18	0.170	9/32	0.158
8 0.1640	15	0.180	10	0.194	5/16	0.188
10 0.1900	5	0.206	2	0.221	3/8	0.218
¹/₄ 0.2500	17/64	0.266	9/32	0.281	7/16	0.278
⁵/₁₆ 0.3125	21/64	0.328	11/32	0.344	17/32	0.346
³/₈ 0.3750	25/64	0.391	13/32	0.406	5/8	0.415
⁷/₁₆ 0.4375	29/64	0.453	15/32	0.469	23/32	0.483
¹/₂ 0.5000	33/64	0.516	17/32	0.531	13/16	0.552
⁵/₈ 0.6250	41/64	0.641	21/32	0.656	1	0.689
³/₄ 0.7500	49/64	0.766	25/32	0.781	1 3/16	0.828
⁷/₈ 0.8750	57/64	0.891	29/32	0.906	1 3/8	0.963
1 1.0000	1 1/64	1.016	1 1/32	1.031	1 5/8	1.100
1 ¹/₄ 1.2500	1 9/32	1.281	1 5/16	1.312	2	1.370
1 ¹/₂ 1.5000	1 17/32	1.531	1 9/16	1.562	2 3/8	1.640
1 ³/₄ 1.7500	1 25/32	1.781	1 13/16	1.812	2 3/4	1.910
2 2.0000	2 1/32	2.031	2 1/16	2.062	3 1/8	2.180

STANDARD SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS

	Nominal Size	Body Diameter		Head Diameter		Head Height		Hex. Socket Size	Fillet Ext.	Key Engage- ment
		Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Nom	Max	Key Engage- ment
		D		A		H		J	F	T
	0	0.0600	0.0568	0.096	0.091	0.060	0.057	0.050	0.007	0.025
	1	0.0730	0.0695	0.180	0.112	0.073	0.070	1/16 0.062	0.007	0.031
	2	0.0860	0.0822	0.140	0.134	0.086	0.083	5/64 0.078	0.008	0.038
	3	0.0990	0.0949	0.161	0.154	0.099	0.095	5/64 0.078	0.008	0.044
	4	0.1120	0.1075	0.183	0.176	0.112	0.108	3/32 0.094	0.009	0.051
	5	0.1250	0.1202	0.205	0.198	0.125	0.121	3/32 0.094	0.010	0.057
	6	0.1380	0.1329	0.226	0.218	0.138	0.134	7/64 0.109	0.010	0.064
	8	0.1640	0.1585	0.270	0.262	0.164	0.159	9/64 0.141	0.012	0.077
	10	0.1900	0.1840	0.312	0.303	0.190	0.185	5/32 0.156	0.014	0.090
	1/4	0.2500	0.2435	0.375	0.365	0.250	0.244	3/16 0.188	0.014	0.120
	5/16	0.3125	0.3053	0.469	0.457	0.312	0.306	1/4 0.250	0.017	0.151
	3/8	0.3750	0.3678	0.562	0.550	0.375	0.368	5/16 0.312	0.020	0.182
	7/16	0.4375	0.4294	0.656	0.642	0.438	0.430	3/8 0.375	0.023	0.213
	1/2	0.5000	0.4919	0.750	0.735	0.500	0.492	3/8 0.375	0.026	0.245
	5/8	0.6250	0.6163	0.938	0.921	0.625	0.616	1/2 0.500	0.032	0.307
	3/4	0.7500	0.7406	1.125	1.107	0.750	0.740	5/8 0.625	0.039	0.370
	7/8	0.8750	0.8647	1.312	1.293	0.875	0.864	3/4 0.750	0.044	0.432
	1	1.0000	0.9886	1.500	1.479	1.000	0.988	3/4 0.750	0.050	0.495
	1 1/8	1.1250	1.1086	1.688	1.665	1.125	1.111	7/8 0.875	0.055	0.557
	1 1/4	1.2500	1.2336	1.875	1.852	1.250	1.236	7/8 0.875	0.060	0.620
	1 3/8	1.3750	1.3568	2.062	2.038	1.375	1.360	1 1.000	0.065	0.682
	1 1/2	1.5000	1.4818	2.250	2.224	1.500	1.485	1 1.000	0.070	0.745
	1 3/4	1.7500	1.7295	2.625	2.597	1.750	1.764	1 ¹/₄ 1.250	0.080	0.870
	2	2.0000	1.9780	3.000	2.970	2.000	1.983	1 ¹/₂ 1.500	0.090	0.995
	2 1/4	2.2500	2.2280	3.375	3.344	2.250	2.232	1 ³/₄1.750	0.100	1.120
	2 1/2	2.5000	2.4762	3.750	3.717	2.500	2.481	1 ³/₄ 1.750	0.110	1.245
	2 3/4	2.7500	2.7262	4.125	4.090	2.750	2.730	2 2.000	0.120	1.370
	3	3.0000	2.9762	4.500	4.464	3.000	2.979	2 ¹/₄ 2.250	0.130	1.495
	3 1/4	3.2500	3.2262	4.875	4.837	3.250	3.228	2 ¹/₄ 2.250	0.140	1.620
	3 1/2	3.5000	3.4762	5.250	5.211	3.500	3.478	2 ³/₄ 2.750	0.150	1.745
	3 3/4	3.7500	3.7262	5.625	5.584	3.750	3.727	2 ³/₄ 2.750	0.160	1.870
	4	4.0000	3.9762	6.000	5.958	4.000	3.976	3 3.000	0.170	1.995

STANDARD BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREWS

Screw Size	D	A	J	S	H
#4	0.112	0.213	0.0625	0.015	0.059
#6	0.138	0.262	0.078125	0.015	0.073
#8	0.164	0.312	0.09375	0.015	0.087
#10	0.19	0.361	0.125	0.02	0.101
1/4	0.25	0.437	0.15625	0.031	0.132
5/16	0.3125	0.547	0.1875	0.031	0.166
3/8	0.375	0.656	0.21875	0.031	0.199
1/2	0.5	0.875	0.3125	0.046	0.265
5/8	0.625	1	0.375	0.062	0.331

STANDARD HEX HEAD BOLTS

Bolt Size	Thread Diameter	Head Width	Head Height
	A	B	C
1/4	0.250	0.438	0.156
5/16	0.313	0.500	0.203
3/8	0.375	0.562	0.234
7/16	0.438	0.625	0.281
1/2	0.500	0.750	0.323
9/16	0.563	0.813	0.359
5/8	0.625	0.938	0.391
3/4	0.750	1.125	0.483
7/8	0.875	1.313	0.547
1	1.000	1.500	0.609

STANDARD SOCKET FLAT HEAD CAP SCREWS

Nominal Size	Body Diameter		Head Diameter		Head Height	Hexagon Socket Size
	Body Diameter		Theo-retical Sharp	Abs. Min.	Reference	Hexagon Socket Size
	Max	Min	Max	Abs. Min.	Reference	Nom.
	D		A		H	J
0	0.0600	0.0568	0.138	0.117	0.044	0.035
1	0.0730	0.0695	0.168	0.143	0.054	0.050
2	0.0860	0.0822	0.197	0.168	0.064	0.050
3	0.0990	0.0949	0.226	0.193	0.073	1/16
4	0.1120	0.1075	0.255	0.218	0.083	1/16
5	0.1250	0.1202	0.281	0.240	0.090	5/64
6	0.1380	0.1329	0.307	0.263	0.097	5/64
8	0.1640	0.1585	0.359	0.311	0.112	3/32
10	0.1900	0.1840	0.411	0.359	0.127	1/8
1/4	0.2500	0.2435	0.531	0.480	0.161	5/32
5/16	0.3125	0.3053	0.656	0.600	0.198	3/16
3/8	0.3750	0.3678	0.781	0.720	0.234	7/32
7/16	0.4375	0.4294	0.844	0.781	0.234	1/4
1/2	0.5000	0.4919	0.938	0.872	0.251	5/16
5/8	0.6250	0.6163	1.188	1.112	0.324	3/8
3/4	0.7500	0.7406	1.438	1.355	0.396	1/2
7/8	0.8750	0.8647	1.688	1.604	0.468	9/16
1	1.0000	0.9886	1.938	1.841	0.540	5/8
1 1/8	1.1250	1.1086	2.188	2.079	0.611	3/4
1 1/4	1.2500	1.2336	2.438	2.316	0.683	7/8
1 3/8	1.3750	1.3568	2.688	2.553	0.755	7/8
1 1/2	1.5000	1.4818	2.938	2.791	0.827	1

STANDARD SHOULDER SCREWS

Nominal Size	Shoulder Diameter		Head Diameter		Head Height		Head Side Height	Nominal Thread Size	Thread Length
	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Min	Nominal Thread Size	Thread Length
	D		A		H		S	D	E
1/4	0.2480	0.2460	0.375	0.357	0.188	0.177	0.157	10 - 24	0.375
5/16	0.3105	0.3085	0.438	0.419	0.219	0.209	0.183	1/4 - 20	0.438
3/8	0.3730	0.3710	0.562	0.543	0.250	0.240	0.209	5/16 - 18	0.500
1/2	0.4980	0.4960	0.750	0.729	0.312	0.302	0.262	3/8 - 16	0.625
5/8	0.6230	0.6210	0.875	0.853	0.375	0.365	0.315	1/2 - 13	0.750
3/4	0.7480	0.7460	1.000	0.977	0.500	0.490	0.421	5/8 - 11	0.875
1	0.9980	0.9960	1.312	1.287	0.625	0.610	0.527	3/4 - 10	1.000
1 1/4	1.2480	1.2460	1.750	1.723	0.750	0.735	0.633	7/8 - 9	1.125
1 1/2	1.4980	1.4960	2.125	2.095	1.000	0.980	0.842	1 1/8 - 7	1.500
1 3/4	1.7480	1.7460	2.375	2.345	1.125	1.105	0.948	1 1/4 - 7	1.750
2	1.9980	1.9960	2.750	2.720	1.250	1.230	1.054	1 1/2 - 6	2.000
Nominal Size	Thread Neck Diameter		Thread Neck Width	Shoulder Neck Diameter	Shoulder Neck Width	Thread Neck Fillet		Head Fillet Extension Above D	Hexagon Socket Size
	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Max	Min	Max	Nom
	G		I	K	F	N		M	J
1/4	0.142	0.133	0.083	0.227	0.093	0.023	0.017	0.014	1/8
5/16	0.193	0.182	0.100	0.289	0.093	0.028	0.022	0.017	5/32
3/8	0.249	0.237	0.111	0.352	0.093	0.031	0.025	0.020	3/16
1/2	0.304	0.291	0.125	0.477	0.093	0.035	0.029	0.026	1/4
5/8	0.414	0.397	0.154	0.602	0.093	0.042	0.036	0.032	5/16
3/4	0.521	0.502	0.182	0.727	0.093	0.051	0.045	0.039	3/8
1	0.638	0.616	0.200	0.977	0.125	0.055	0.049	0.050	1/2
1 1/4	0.750	0.726	0.222	1.227	0.125	0.062	0.056	0.060	5/8
1 1/2	0.964	0.934	0.286	1.478	0.125	0.072	0.066	0.070	7/8
1 3/4	1.089	1.059	0.286	1.728	0.125	0.072	0.066	0.080	1
2	1.307	1.277	0.333	1.978	0.125	0.102	0.096	0.090	1 1/4

METRIC BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREW

Screw Size	D	A	J	S	H
M3	3	5.7	2	0.38	1.65
M4	4	7.6	2.5	0.38	2.2
M5	5	9.5	3	0.5	2.75
M6	6	10.5	4	0.8	3.3
M8	8	14	5	0.8	4.4
M10	10	17.5	6	0.8	5.5
M12	12	21	8	0.8	6.6

METRIC FLAT SOCKET CAP SCREW

Screw Size	C	A	B
M3	3	6.72	2
M4	4	8.96	2.5
M5	5	11.2	3
M6	6	13.44	4
M8	8	17.92	5
M10	10	22.4	6
M12	12	26.88	8
M16	16	33.6	10
M20	20	40.32	12

METRIC HEX HEAD BOLT

Bolt Size	A	B	C
M4	4	7	2.8
M5	5	8	3.5
M6	6	10	4
M7	7	11	4.8
M8	8	13	5.3
M10	10	17	6.4
M12	12	19	7.5
M14	14	22	8.8
M16	16	24	10
M20	20	30	12.5
M24	24	36	15

Metric Socket Head Cap Screws

Nom. Size and Thread Pitch	Body Diameter D		Head Diameter A		Head Height H		Chamfer or Radius S	Hexagon Socket Size J	Key Engage- ment T
Nom. Size and Thread Pitch	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Nom	Min
M1.6 X 0.35	1.60	1.46	3.00	2.87	1.60	1.52	0.16	1.5	0.80
M2 X 0.4	2.00	1.86	3.80	3.65	2.00	1.91	0.20	1.5	1.00
M2.5 X 0.45	2.50	2.36	4.50	4.33	2.50	2.40	0.25	2.0	1.25
M3 X 0.5	3.00	2.86	5.50	5.32	3.00	2.89	0.30	2.5	1.50
M4 X 0.7	4.00	3.82	7.00	6.80	4.00	3.88	0.40	3.0	2.00
M5 X 0.8	5.00	4.82	8.50	8.27	5.00	4.86	0.50	4.0	2.50
M6 X 1	6.00	5.82	10.00	9.74	6.00	5.85	0.60	5.0	3.00
M8 X 1.25	8.00	7.78	13.00	12.70	8.00	7.83	0.80	6.0	4.00
M10 X 1.5	10.00	9.78	16.00	15.67	10.00	9.81	1.00	8.0	5.00
M12 X 1.75	12.00	11.73	18.00	17.63	12.00	11.79	1.20	10.0	6.00
M14 X 2	14.00	13.73	21.00	20.60	14.00	13.77	1.40	12.0	7.00
M16 X 2	16.00	15.73	24.00	23.58	16.00	15.76	1.60	14.0	8.00
M20 X 2.5	20.00	19.67	30.00	29.53	20.00	19.73	2.00	17.0	10.00
M24 X 3	24.00	23.67	36.00	35.48	24.00	23.70	2.40	19.0	12.00
M30 X 3.5	30.00	29.67	45.00	44.42	30.00	29.67	3.00	22.0	15.00
M36 X 4	36.00	35.61	54.00	53.37	36.00	35.64	3.60	27.0	18.00
M42 X 4.5	42.00	41.61	63.00	62.31	42.00	41.61	4.20	32.0	21.00
M48 X 5	48.00	47.61	72.00	71.27	48.00	47.58	4.80	36.0	24.00

SURFACE FINISH COMPARISON CHART

SURFACE FINISH COMPARISON CHART
RA is the arithmetic average deviation of the surface valleys and peaks and is often used to specify the roughness of a machined surface. RMS is the root mean square average of the profile height deviations from the mean line of the surface and is mostly used for optical surfaces.
The term Micro means millionth. So 1 micrometer is 1 millionth of a meter, or .000001 meter. Likewise 1 microinch is 1 millionth of an inch, or .000001". The term "Micron" refers to 1 millionth of a meter, which is also equivalent to 1 thousanth of a millimeter (.001 mm), and is represented by the greek symbol μ. Ra microinch ( μ" ) is basically the same as the CLA scale, or centerline average.
Some Useful Conversions:
Inch = " or in			1 microinch (μ") = 0.0254 micrometers (or microns)
Micron = µ			1 microinch (μ") = 0.0000254mm
Micro Inch = µ"			0.001" = 0.0254mm
Micrometer = µm
Millimeter = mm
Below are equivalent values on various surface measurment scales, and the manufacturing methods capable of producing these finishes.
New ISO scale numbers		1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.	11.	12.
RMS Microinches ( μ" )	0.5	1.1	2.2	4.4	8.8	17.6	35.2	64.3	137.5	275	550	1100	2200
RMS Micrometers ( μ m )	0.013	0.027	0.055	0.11	0.22	.44	.88	1.6	3.44	6.88	13.75	27.5	55
CLA or R_a microinch ( μ" )	0.5	1	2	4	8	16	32	63	125	250	500	1000	2000
R_a micrometer ( μ m )	0.012	0.03	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.8	1.6	3.2	6.3	12.5	25	50
Sand Casting
Hot Rolling
Forging
Permanent-Mold Casting
Investment Casting
Extruding
Cold Rolling
Diecasting
Flame Cutting
Sawing
Planing
Drilling
EDM
Milling
Laser Cutting
Reaming
Broaching
Turning and Boring
Tumbling
Roller Burnishing
Grinding
Honing
Electro-Polishing
Polishing
Lapping
Superfinishing

Sheet Metal Gauge Thickness

Sheet Metal Gauge Thickness
Gauge (ga)	Standard Steel Thickness (inches)	Galvanized Steel Thickness (inches)	Aluminum Thickness (inches)
3	0.2391		0.2294
4	0.2242		0.2043
5	0.2092		0.1819
6	0.1943		0.162
7	0.1793		0.1443
8	0.1644		0.1285
9	0.1495	0.1532	0.1144
10	0.1345	0.1382	0.1019
11	0.1196	0.1233	0.0907
12	0.1046	0.1084	0.0808
13	0.0897	0.0934	0.072
14	0.0747	0.0785	0.0641
15	0.0673	0.071	0.0571
16	0.0598	0.0635	0.0508
17	0.0538	0.0575	0.0453
18	0.0478	0.0516	0.0403
19	0.0418	0.0456	0.0359
20	0.0359	0.0396	0.032
21	0.0329	0.0366	0.0285
22	0.0299	0.0336	0.0253
23	0.0269	0.0306	0.0226
24	0.0239	0.0276	0.0201
25	0.0209	0.0247	0.0179
26	0.0179	0.0217	0.0159
27	0.0164	0.0202	0.0142
28	0.0149	0.0187	0.0126
29	0.0135	0.0172	0.0113
30	0.012	0.0157	0.01
31	0.0105	0.0142	0.0089
32	0.0097	0.0134	0.008
33	0.009		0.0071
34	0.0082		0.0063
35	0.0075		0.0056
36	0.0067

Machinability Rating Chart

MATERIAL		Hardness BHN	Machinability Rating
Alloy Steels, Cast	Material Grade	Range	Range
Low Carbon	1320, 2315, 2320	150-300	.52 - .32
	4110, 4120, 4320,
	8020, 8620

Medium Carbon	1330, 1340, 2325,	175-400	.36 - .16
	2330, 4125, 4130,
	4140, 4330, 4340,
	8030, 80B30, 8040
	8430, 8440, 8630,
	8640, 9525, 9530,
	9535

Alloy Steels, Wrought
Low Carbon	4012, 4024, 4028,	125-425	.56 - .24
	4320, 4427, 4617,
	4621, 4718, 4817,
	5015, 5120, 8115,
	8620, 8625, 8720,
	9310

Medium Carbon	1330, 4032, 4130,	175-52R_C	.36 - .08
	4135, 4140, 4145,
	4150, 4340, 5130,
	5140, 5147, 5150,
	6150, 8630, 8637,
	8640, 8642, 9255,
	9260

High Carbon	50100, 51100,
High Carbon	52100, M-50

Free Machining Alloy Steels, Wrought
Medium Carbon, Resulfurized	4140, 4150	150-425	.52 - .32

Medium & High Carbon Leaded	41L30, 41L40,	150-425	.60 - .36
	41L47, 41L50,
	43L47, 51L32,
	52L100, 86L20,
	86L40

Armor Plate, Wrought
	MIL-S-12560	250-300	0.28

Aluminum Alloys, Cast		40-100	4.80
Sand and Permanent Mold	X201.0, 213.0, 242.0,	40-125 (500 kg)	4.80 - 3.20
	8295.0, 319.0, F332.0,
	355.0, 356.0, 357.0,
	514.0, 520.0, A712.0,
	713.0, 850.0

Die Castings	360.0, A360.0, A380.0,	40-125 (500 kg)	.32 - .24
	384.0, 392.0, A413.0,
	443.0

Aluminum Alloys, Wrought		30-150 (500 kg)	4.80 - 3.20
	EC, 1060, 1145,
	1235, 2014, 2018,
	2024, 2217, 2218,
	2618, 3004, 4032,
	5050, 5056, 5086,
	5252, 5454, 5457,
	5657, 6061, 6066,
	6101, 6262, 6951,
	7004, 7039, 7075, 7175

Carbon Steels, Cast		100-300	.64 - .40
Low & Medium Carbon	1010, 1020, 1030,
	1040, 1050

Carbon Steels, Wrought		85-275	.80 - .44
Low Carbon	1005, 1009, 1011,
	1012, 1016, 1018,
	1019, 1022,1025,
	1026, 1518

Medium Carbon	1030, 1035, 1038,	125-425	.60 - .28
	1040, 1043, 1045,
	1049, 1053, 1524,
	1526, 1536

High Carbon	1060, 1065, 1070,	175-375	.44 - .28
	1075, 1080, 1085,
	1090, 1547,1551,
	1561, 1572

Free Machining Carbon Steels, Wrought		100-150	.80 - 1.00
Low Carbon Resulferized	1212, 1108, 1213, 1116,
	1118, 1211, B-1112

Medium Carbon Resulferized	1132, 1140, 1141, 1151	175-425	.72 - .28

Low Carbon Leaded	12L13, 12L14	100-250	1.12 - 1.08

Ductile Cast Irons
Ferritic	60-40-18, 65-45-12	140-190	1.00

Ferritic-Pearlitic	80-55-06	190-260	.64 - .52

Pearlitic-Martensitic	100-70-03	240-300	0.40

Martensitic	120-90-02	270-400	.28 - .20

Austenitic (NI-RESIST Ductile)	ASTM A439: Types D-2,	120-200	0.24
	D-2C, D-5, D-3A, D-5B
	ASTM A571: Type D-2M

	ASTM A439: Types	140-275	0.16
	D-28, D-3, D-4	140-275	0.16

Gray Cast Irons
Ferritic	ASTM A48: Class 20	120-150	1.2
	SAE G1800	120-150	1.2

Pearlitic-Ferritic	ASTM A48: Class 25	160-200	0.88
	SAE G2500	160-200	0.88

Pearlitic	ASTM A48: Classes 30,	190-220	0.64
	35 & 40
	SAE G3000

Pearlitic & Free Carbides	ASTM A48: Classes	220-260	0.6
	45 & 50
	SAE G3500, G4000

Pearlitic or Acicular & Free Carbides	ASTM A48: Classes 55,	250-320	0.32
	60 & 65+	250-320	0.32

Austenitic (NI-RESIST)	ASTM A436: Types 1,	100-250	.52 - .32
	1b, 5
	ASTM A436: Types 2,
	3, 6

Malleable Cast Irons
Ferritic	32510, 35018	110-160	1.20

Pearlitic	40010, 43010, 45006,	160-240	.88 - .64
	45008, 48005, 50005	160-240	.88 - .64

Martensitic	53004, 70003, 60004,	200-320	.60 - .28
	70002, 70004, 80002,
	90001

Copper Alloys, Cast
	834, 838, 844, 854,	40-150 (500 kg)	1.6
	857, 864, 867, 928,
	934, 937,939, 944,
	957, 973, 976

	817, 853, 872, 876,	40-175 (500 kg)	1.4
	905, 923, 926, 947,
	952, 958

	801, 807, 815, 822,	40-200 (500 kg)	0.68
	826, 863, 907, 910,
	913, 916, 963

Copper Alloys, Wrought
	314, 330, 353, 360,	10R_B - 100R_B	1.60 - 2.00
	367, 368, 377, 485	10R_B - 100R_B	1.60 - 2.00

	226, 230, 268, 280,	10R_B - 100R_B	1.40 - 1.60
	464, 465, 467, 675,
	770

	102, 113, 115, 116,	10R_B - 100R_B	.68 - .80
	170, 175, 505, 524,
	706, 745, 754

High Strength Steels, Wrought
	300M, 4330V, 4340,	225-400 43R_C - 52R_C
	D6ac(?), H11, H13	225-400 43R_C - 52R_C

		325-375 43R_C - 48R_C
		325-375 43R_C - 48R_C

		325-375
		325-375

High Temperature Alloys
Nickle Base, Wrought	Inconel Alloy 625,	200-400	.16 - .12
	702, 706, 718, 721, 722,
	X-750, 751, & 901
	M252
	Nimonic 75 & 80
	Waspoloy (?)

	Astroloy, Inconel Alloy 700	225-400	.12 - .09
	Nimonic 90 & 95, Rene 41
	Udimet 500, 700, 710

	Hastelloy B, C, G, X	140-310	.16 - .12
	Incoloy 804, 825
	Inconel Alloy 600, 604
	Refractaloy 26
	Udimet 630

	TD-Nickle	180-200	.48

Nickle Base, Cast	Hastelloy B & C ASTM A296	200-375	0.12

Cobalt Base, Wrought	Haynes Alloy 25, 188 J-1570	180-320	.16 - .08
	MAR-M905, MAR-M918
	S-816

Iron Base, Wrought	A-286, Discoloy	180-320	.28 - .20
	Incoloy 800, 801, 802
	N-155

Manganese, Wrought
		140-220	0.28

Magnesium Alloys, Cast
	AM100A, AZ81A, AZ918,	40-90 (500kg)	4.80
	AZ91C, EZ33A, HZ32A,
	K1A, ZE41A, ZK51A

Magnesium Alloys, Wrought
	AZ21X1, AZ31C, AZ80A,	40-90 (500kg)	4.80
	HM21A, LA141A, ZK60A	40-90 (500kg)	4.80

Maraging Steels, Wrought
	120 Grade	275-325	0.36
	180 Grade	375-425	0.28
	200 Grade, 250 Grade	275-325 50R_C-52R_C	.32 - .12
	300 Grade, 350 Grade	275-325 50R_C-52R_C	.32 - .12

Nickel Alloys, Wrought & Cast
	Nickel 200, 201, 205, 211,	80-170	0.56
	220, 230, & 270	80-170	0.56

	Monel 400, 401, 404,	115-240	0.44
	and R-405
	ASTM A296: Grades CZ-100
	M-35

	Duranickel 301	150-360	.16 - .12
	Monel 502 & K-500
	Ni-Span-C 902
	Permanickel 300

Nitriding Steels, Wrought
	Nitralloy 125, 135, 225, 230	200-350	.52 - .40
	EZ & N. Nitrex 1	200-350	.52 - .40

Refractory Alloys, Cast, Wrought, P/M
Molybdenum	MO, TZC, Mo-50Re, TZM	220-290	0.80

Stainless Steels, Cast
Ferritic	ASTM A217: Grades C5, C12	135-185	0.60
	ASTM A296: Grades CB-30,
	CC-50, CE-30

Austenitic	ASTM A296: Grades CF-16F,	140-170	0.64
	CN-7M	140-170	0.64
	ASTM A296: Grades CF-3,	135-185	0.56
	CF-8, CF8C, CF-20	135-185	0.56
	ASTM A451: Grades CPF8,
	CPF8C, CPF8C (Ta-Max)
	ASTM A296: Grades CF-3M,	135-185	0.56
	CF-8M, CG-8M, CG-12,
	CH20, CK20
	ASTM A-451: Grades CPF8M,
	CPF10MC, CPH8, CPH10,
	CPH20, CPK20
	ASTM A297: Grades HD, HE,	160-210	0.28
	HF, HH, HI, HK, HL, HN,
	HT, HU

Martensitic	ASTM A296: Grades CA-15,	135-225	.48 - .40
	CA-40
	ASTM A426: Grades CP7,
	CP9
	ASTM A296: Grades CA-15,	275-425	.24 - .16
	CA-40
	ASTM A426: Grades CP7,
	CP9

Stainless Steels, Wrought
Ferritic	405, 430, 436, 446,	135-185	0.68
	409, 434, 442, 502	135-185	0.68

Austenitic	201, 302, 304, 304L,	135-275	.64 - .44
	321, 347	135-275	.64 - .44
	310, 310S, 314, 316,	135-185	0.36
	316L, 317, 330	135-185	0.36

Martensitic	403, 410, 420	135-275	.56 - .36
	414	135-275	.56 - .36

Free Machinings Stainless Steels, Wrought
Ferritic	430F, 430F Se	135-185	0.96

Austenitic	230EZ, 303, 303Se, 303MA,	135-275	.76 - .48
	303Pb, 303Cu, 303 Plus X	135-275	.76 - .48

Martensitic	416, 416Se, 416 Plus X, 420F,	135-425	.88 - .24
	420F Se, 440F, 440F Se	135-425	.88 - .24

Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels, Cast
	ACI Grade C8-7CU	325-450	.12 - .08
	ACI Grade C0-4MO	325-450	.12 - .08

Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels, Wrought
	15-5 PH, 17-4 PH, 17-7 PH	150-375	.32 - .16
	17-14 CuMo AM-350
	AM-355, PH 13-8 Mo
	PH14-8 Mo, PH 15-7 Mo

Titanium Alloys, Wrought
Commercially Pure	99.5, 99.2, 99.0, TI-0.2Pd,	110-275	.96 - .64
	99.0, 98.9	110-275	.96 - .64

Alpha and Alpha-Beta Alloys	Ti-8Mn,	300-340	0.46
	Ti-2A1-11Sn-5Zr-1Mo,
	Ti-5A1-2-5Sn,
	Ti-5A1-6Sn-2Zr-1Mo,
	Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-25Si
	Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

	Ti-6A1-4V	310-350	0.36
	Ti-6A1-4V-CL1 (???)	310-350	0.36

	Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn	320-370	0.32
	Ti-7A1-4Mo	320-370	0.32

	Ti-1A1-8V-5Fe	320-380	0.28

	Ti-6A1-4V	320-380	0.24
	Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
	Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

	Ti-4A1-3Mo-1V	375-420	0.2
	Ti-7A1-4Mo	375-420	0.2

	Ti-1A1-8V-5Fe	375-440	0.12

Beta Alloys	Ti-3A1-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr	275-440	.20 - .09
	Ti-4.5Sn-6Zr-11.5Mo
	Ti-13V-11Cr-3A1

Tool Steels, Wrought
High Speed	M1, M2, M6, M10, T1, T2,	220-275	.32 - .20
	T6, M3 Type 2, T15	220-275	.32 - .20

	M3, M7, M33, M34, M36,	225-275	0.28
	M41, M42, M43, M44,
	M46, M47, T4, T5

Hot Work	H10, H11, H12,	150-375 (48R_c-50R_c)	.32 - .08
	H13, H14	150-375 (48R_c-50R_c)	.32 - .08

	H21, H24, H41, H42	150-250	.32 - .24

Cold Work	A7, D4	200-250	0.2

	A2, A4, A8, A10, 01, 02,	200-250	0.32
	06, 07	200-250	0.32

Shock Resisting	S1, S2, S5, S7	175-225	0.44

Zinc Alloys, Cast
	AMS 4803A, ILZRO 12,	80-100	2.00
	ILZRO 13, SAE 903, SAE 925,
	ZDC No. 7

Zirconium Alloys, Wrought
	Zr-2%Hf (Grade 11)	140-280	1.20
	Zr-0.0C1%Hf (Grade 21)
	Zircaloy 2 (Grade 32)
	Zircaloy 4 (Grade 34)

INCH/METRIC TAP DRILL SIZES

INCH/METRIC TAP DRILL SIZES & DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
FRACTION OR DRILL SIZE		DECIMAL EQUIVALENT	TAP SIZE	FRACTION OR DRILL SIZE	DECIMAL EQUIVALENT	TAP SIZE	FRACTION OR DRILL SIZE	DECIMAL EQUIVALENT	TAP SIZE
NUMBER SIZE DRILLS 80		0.0135		9/64 -------------	0.1406		U	0.3680	⁷/₁₆ - 14
79		0.0145		27	0.1440		3/8 ---------------	0.3750
1/64 ------------------		0.0156		26	0.1470		V	0.3770
78		0.0160		25	0.1495	10 - 24	W	0.3860
77		0.0180		24	0.1520		25/64 ------------	0.3906	⁷/₁₆ - 20
76		0.0200		23	0.1540		X	0.3970
75		0.0210		5/32 -------------	0.1562		Y	0.4040
74		0.0225		22	0.1570		13/32 ------------	0.4062
73		0.0240		21	0.1590	10 - 32	Z	0.4130
72		0.0250		20	0.1610		27/64 ------------	0.4219	¹/₂ - 13
71		0.0260		19	0.1660		7/16 -------------	0.4375
70		0.0280		18	0.1695		29/64 ------------	0.4531	¹/₂ - 20
69		0.0292		11/64 ------------	0.1719		15/32 ------------	0.4688
68		0.0310		17	0.1730		31/64 ------------	0.4844	⁹/₁₆- 12
1/32 ------------------		0.0312		16	0.1770	12 - 24	1/2 ---------------	0.5000
67		0.0320		15	0.1800		33/64 ------------	0.5156	⁹/₁₆- 18
66		0.0330		14	0.1820	12 - 28	17/32 ------------	0.5312	⁵/₈ - 11
65		0.0350		13	0.1850		35/64 ------------	0.5469
64		0.0360		3/16 -------------	0.1875		9/16 -------------	0.5625
63		0.0370		12	0.1890		37/64 ------------	0.5781	⁵/₈ - 18
62		0.0380		11	0.1910		19/32 ------------	0.5938
61		0.0390		10	0.1935		39/64 ------------	0.6094
60		0.0400		9	0.1960		5/8 ---------------	0.6250
59		0.0410		8	0.1990		41/64 ------------	0.6406
58		0.0420		7	0.2010	¹/₄ - 20	21/32 ------------	0.6562	³/₄- 10
57		0.0430		13/64 ------------	0.2031		43/64 ------------	0.6719
56		0.0465		6	0.2040		11/16 ------------	0.6875	³/₄ - 16
3/64 ------------------		0.0469	0 - 80	5	0.2055		45/64 ------------	0.7031
55		0.0520		4	0.2090		23/32 ------------	0.7188
54		0.0550		3	0.2130	¹/₄ - 28	47/64 ------------	0.7344
53		0.0595	1-64, 72	7/32 -------------	0.2188		3/4 ---------------	0.7500
1/16 ------------------		0.0625		2	0.2210		49/64 ------------	0.7656	⁷/₈ - 9
52		0.0635		1	0.2280		25/32 ------------	0.7812
51		0.0670		LETTER SIZE DRILLS A	0.2340		51/64 ------------	0.7969
50		0.0700	2-56, 64	15/64 ------------	0.2344		13/16 ------------	0.8125	⁷/₈ - 14
49		0.0730		B	0.2380		53/64 ------------	0.8281
48		0.0760		C	0.2420		27/32 ------------	0.8438
5/64 ------------------		0.0781		D	0.2460		55/64 ------------	0.8594
47		0.0785	3 - 48	1/4----------- E	0.2500		7/8 ---------------	0.8750	1 - 8
46		0.0810		F	0.2570	⁵/₁₆ - 18	57/64 ------------	0.8906
45		0.0820	3 - 56	G	0.2610		29/32 ------------	0.9062
44		0.0860		17/64 ------------	0.2656		59/64 ------------	0.9219	1 - 12
43		0.0890	4 - 40	H	0.2660		15/16 ------------	0.9375
42		0.0935	4 - 48	I	0.2720	⁵/₁₆- 24	61/64 ------------	0.9531
3/32 ------------------		0.0938		J	0.2770		31/32 ------------	0.9688
41		0.0960		K	0.2810		63/64 ------------	0.9844	1 ¹/₈ - 7
40		0.0980		9/32 -------------	0.2812		1 -----------------	1.0000
39		0.0995		L	0.2900		1 ³/₆₄-----------	1.0459	1 ¹/₈ - 12
38		0.1015	5 - 40	M	0.2950		1 ⁷/₆₄-----------	1.1094	1 ¹/₄ - 7
37		0.1040	5 - 44	19/64 ------------	0.2969		1 ¹/₈-------------	1.1250
36		0.1065	6 - 32	N	0.3020		1 ¹¹/₆₄----------	1.1719	1 ¹/₄ - 12
7/64 ------------------		0.1094		5/16 -------------	0.3125	³/₈ - 16	1 ⁷/₃₂-----------	1.2186	1 ³/₈ - 6
35		0.1100		O	0.3160		1 ¹/₄-------------	1.2500
34		0.1110		P	0.3230		1 ¹⁹/₆₄----------	1.2969	1 ³/₈ - 12
33		0.1130	6 - 40	21/64 ------------	0.3281		1 ¹¹/₃₂----------	1.3433	1 ¹/₂ - 6
32		0.1160		Q	0.3320	³/₈ - 24	1 ³/₈-------------	1.3750
31		0.1200		R	0.3390		1 ²⁷/₆₄----------	1.4219	1 ¹/₂ - 12
1/8 -------------------		0.1250		11/32 ------------	0.3438		1 ¹/₂-------------	1.5000
30		0.1285		S	0.3480
29		0.1360	8-32, 36	T	0.3580
28		0.1405		23/64 ------------	0.3594

PIPE THREAD SIZES (NPSC)				METRIC TAP DRILL SIZES			METRIC TAP DRILL SIZES
THREAD	DRILL	THREAD	DRILL	METRIC TAP	TAP DRILL mm	DECIMAL EQUIVALENT	METRIC TAP	TAP DRILL mm	DECIMAL EQUIVALENT
¹/₈ - 27	¹¹/₃₂	1 ¹/₂ - 11 ¹/₂	1 ³/₄	M1.6 x 0.35	1.25	0.0492	M16 x 2	14.00	0.5512
¹/₄ - 18	⁷/₁₆	2 - 11 ¹/₂	2 ⁷/₃₂	M1.8 x 0.35	1.45	0.0571	M16 x 1.5	14.50	0.5709
³/₈ - 18	³⁷/₆₄	2 ¹/₂ - 8	2 ²¹/₃₂	M2 x 0.4	1.60	0.0630	M18 x 2.5	15.50	0.6102
¹/₂ - 14	²³/₃₂	3 - 8	3 ¹/₄	M2.2 x 0.45	1.75	0.0689	M18 x 1.5	16.50	0.6496
³/₄ - 14	⁵⁹/₆₄	3 ¹/₂ - 8	3 ³/₄	M2.5 x 0.45	2.05	0.0807	M20 x 2.5	17.50	0.6890
1 - 11 ¹/₂	1 ⁵/₃₂	4 - 8	4 ¹/₄	M3 x 0.5	2.50	0.0984	M20 x 1.5	18.50	0.7283
1 ¹/₄ - 11 ¹/₂	1 ¹/₂			M3.5 x 0.8	2.90	0.1142	M22 x 2.5	19.50	0.7677
				M4 x 0.7	3.30	0.1299	M22 x 1.5	20.50	0.8071
				M4.5 x 0.75	3.70	0.1457	M24 x 3	21.00	0.8268
				M5 x 0.8	4.20	0.1654	M24 x 2	22.00	0.8661
				M6 x 1	5.00	0.1958	M27 x 3	24.00	0.9449
				M7 x 1	6.00	0.2362	M27 x 2	25.00	0.9813
				M8 x 1.25	6.70	0.2638	M30 x 3.5	26.50	1.0433
				M8 x 1	7.00	0.2756	M30 x 2	28.00	1.1024
				M10 x 1.5	8.50	0.3350	M33 x 3.5	29.50	1.1614
				M10 x 1.25	8.70	0.3425	M33 x 2	31.00	1.2205
				M12 x 1.75	10.20	0.4016	M36 x 4	32.00	1.2598
				M12 x 1.25	10.80	0.4252	M36 x 3	33.00	1.2992
				M14 x 2	12.00	0.4724	M39 x 4	35.00	1.3780
				M14 x 1.5	12.50	0.4921	M39 x 3	36.00	1.4173

Hardness Conversion Table

Hardness Conversion Table

Approximate Hardness Equivalents Covering Range of Rockwell C and Rockwell B Scales

BRINELL		ROCKWELL SCALES															VPN
BHN 500kg	BHN 3000kg	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	K	15N	30N	45N	15T	30T	45T	DPH HV/10
		92		80	87						97	92	87				1865
		92		79	86						96	92	87				1787
		91		78	85						96	91	86				1710
		91		77	84						96	91	85				1633
		90		76	83						96	90	84				1556
		90		75	83						95	89	83				1478
		89		74	82						95	89	82				1400
		89		73	81						95	88	81				1323
		88		72	80						95	87	80				1245
		87		71	80						94	87	79				1160
		87		70	79						94	86	78				1076
		86		69	78						94	85	77				1004
		86		68	77						93	84	75				940
		85		67	76						93	84	74				900
		85		66	75						93	83	73				865
	739	84		65	75						92	82	72				832
	722	84		64	74						92	81	71				800
	705	83		63	73						91	80	70				772
	688	83		62	72						91	79	69				746
	670	82		61	72						91	79	68				720
	654	81		60	71						90	78	67				697
	634	81		59	70						90	77	66				674
	615	80		58	69						89	76	64				653
	595	80		57	69						89	75	63				633
	577	79		56	68						88	74	62				613
	560	79	120	55	67						88	73	61				595
	543	78	120	54	66						87	72	60				577
	523	78	119	53	65						87	71	59				560
	512	77	119	52	65						86	70	57				544
	496	77	118	51	64						86	69	56				528
	481	76	117	50	63						86	69	55				513
	469	75	117	49	62						85	68	54				498
	455	75	116	48	61						85	67	53				484
	443	74	116	47	61						84	66	51				471
	432	74	115	46	60						84	65	50				458
	421	73	115	45	59						83	64	49				446
	409	73	114	44	59						83	63	48				434
	400	72	113	43	58						82	62	47				423
	390	72	113	42	57						82	61	46				412
	381	71	112	41	56						81	60	44				402
	371	71	112	40	55						80	60	43				392
	362	70	111	39	55						80	59	42				382
	353	70	110	38	54						79	58	41				372
	344	69	110	37	53						79	57	40				363
	336	69	109	36	52						78	56	38				354
	327	68	109	35	52						78	55	37				345
	319	68	108	34	51						77	54	36				336
	311	67	108	33	50						77	53	35				327
	301	67	107	32	49						76	52	34				318
	294	66	106	31	48			91			76	51	33				310
	286	66	105	30	48			91			75	50	31				302
	279	65	104	29	47			89			75	50	30				294
	271	65	104	28	46			88			74	49	29				286
	264	64	103	27	45			87			73	48	28				279
	258	64	103	26	45			86			73	47	27				272
	253	63	102	25	44			85			72	46	26				266
	247	63	101	24	43			84			72	45	24				260
201	240	62	100	23	42			83			71	44	23	93	82	72	254
195	234	62	99	22	42			81			71	43	22	93	82	71	248
189	228	61	98	21	41			79			70	42	21	93	81	70	243
184	222	61	97	20	40			78			69	42	20	92	81	69	238
181	218	60	97	19				77						92	80	69	234
179	214	59	96	18				76						92	80	68	230
177	210	59	96	17				75						92	80	68	226
175	208	58	95	16				74						92	79	67	222
171	205	58	95	15				73						92	79	67	217
169	203	58	94	14				73						91	79	66	213
167	200	57	93	13				71						91	78	66	208
163	195	57	92	12				70		100				91	78	65	204
162	193	56	92	11				69		100				91	77	64	200
160	190	56	91	10				68		100				90	77	64	196
157	185	56	90	9				66		99				90	76	63	192
154	180	55	89	8				64		98				90	76	62	188
151	176	54	88	7				63		97				90	75	61	184
148	172	54	87	6				61		97				89	75	60	180
145	169	53	86	5				59		96				89	74	59	176
142	165	53	85	4				58		95				89	74	58	172
140	162	52	84	3				56		94				88	73	57	168
137	159	51	83	2				54		93				88	72	56	164
135	156	51	82	1				53		92				88	72	55	160
133	153	50	81	0				51		91				87	71	54	156
130	150	50	80					49		91				87	70	53	152
128	147	49	79					48		90				87	70	52	148
126	144	49	78					46		89				86	69	51	144
124	141	48	77					44		88				86	68	50	141
122	139	47	76					43		87				86	68	49	139
120	137	47	75				100	41		86				85	67	49	137
118	135	46	74				99	39		85				85	66	48	135
116	132	46	73				99	38		85				85	66	47	132
114	130	45	72				98	36		84				84	65	46	130
112	127	45	71			100	98	35		83				84	64	45	127
110	125	44	70			100	97	33		82				84	64	44	125
109	123	44	69			99	96	31		81				83	63	43	123
107	121	43	68			98	96	30		80				83	62	42	120
106	119	43	67			98	95	28		79				83	62	41	118
104	117	42	66			97	95	27		78				82	61	40	116
102	116	42	65			96	94	25		78				82	60	39	115
101	114	42	64			96	94	24		77				82	60	38	114
99	112	41	63			95	93	22		76				81	59	37	113
98	110	41	62			95	92	21		75				81	58	36	112
96	108	40	61			94	92	19		74				81	57	35	111
95	107	40	60			93	91	18		73				81	57	34	110
94	106	39	59			93	91	16		72				80	56	32	108
92	104	39	58			92	90	15		71				80	55	31	107
91	102	38	57			91	90	13		71				80	55	30	106
90	101	38	56			91	89	12		70				79	54	29	105
89	99	38	55			90	88	10		69				79	53	28	104
87		37	54			90	88	9		68				79	53	27	103
86		37	53			89	87	7		67				78	52	26	102
85		36	52			88	87	6		66				78	51	25	101
84		36	51			88	86	4		65				78	51	24	100
83		35	50			87	86	3		65				77	50	23	100
82		35	49			87	85			64				77	49	22	99
81		35	48			86	85			63				77	49	21	98
80		34	47			85	84			62				76	48	20	97
79		34	46			85	83			61				76	47	19	96
79		33	45			84	83			60				76	46	18	95
78		33	44			84	82			59				75	46	17	95
77		32	43			83	82			58				75	45	16	94
76		32	42			82	81			58				75	44	15	93
75		31	41			82	81			57				74	44	14	92
74		31	40			81	80			56				74	43	13	91
74		31	39			80	79			55				74	42	11	90
73		30	38			80	79			54				73	42	10	90
72		30	37			79	78			53				73	41	9	89
71		29	36			79	78		100	52				73	40	8	88
71		29	35			78	77		100	52				72	40	7	88
70		28	34			77	77		99	51				72	39	6	87
69		28	33			77	76		99	50				72	38	5	87
68		28	32			76	75		99	49				71	38	4	86
68		27	31			76	75		98	48				71	37	3	86
67		27	30			75	74		98	47				71	36	2	85
66		26	29			74	74		98	46				70	36	1	85
66		26	28			74	73		97	45				70	35		84
65		25	27			73	73		97	45				70	34		84
65		25	26			73	72		97	44				69	33		83
64		24	25			72	71		96	42				69	33		83
64		24	24			71	71		96	42				69	32		82
63		24	23			71	70		96	41				68	31		82
63		23	22			70	70		95	40				68	31		81
62		23	21			70	69		95	39				68	30		81
62		22	20			69	69		95	38				68	29		80
61		22	19			68	68		94	38				67	29		80
61		21	18			68	67		94	37				67	28		79
60		79	17			67	67		93	36				67	27		79
60		78	16			67	66		93	35				66	26		78
59		78	15			66	66		93	34				66	26		78
59		77	14			65	65		92	33				66	25		77
58		77	13			65	65		92	32				65	24		77
58		76	12			64	64		92	32				65	24		76
57		76	11			64	64		91	31				65	23		76
57		75	10			63	63		91	30				64	22		75
56		75	9			62	62		91	29				64	22		75
56		74	8			62	62		90	28				64	21		74
56		74	7			61	61		90	27				63	20		74
55		73	6			61	61		90	26				63	20		73
55		73	5			60	60		89	26				63	19		73
55		72	4			59	60		89	25				62	18		72
54		72	3			59	59		88	24				62	17		72
54		71	2			58	58		88	23				62	17		71
53		71	1			58	58		88	22				61	16		71
53		70	0			57	57		87	21				61	15		70
BHN 500kg	BHN 3000kg	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	K	15N	30N	45N	15T	30T	45T	DPH HV/10
BRINELL		ROCKWELL SCALES															VPN

Electrode Selection Guide

ELECTRODE SELECTION GUIDE
The number which follows each material is the RWMA (Resistance Welder Manufacturers' Association) number of the electrode which would normally be placed against that material. For Example, when welding Alumel to Consil, a RWMA -2 electrode should be used on the Alumel side, and a RWMA -11 on the Consil side. Not all combinations have been tried successfully.
Material	RWMA Electrode Type

Alumel	-2
Aluminum	-1
Aluminum Alloys	-1
Beryllium Copper	-2
Brass	-2, -11
Brass, Tinned	-14
Bronze	-2
Cadmium Plating	-1
Chromel	-2
Consil	-11
Constantin	-2
Copel	-2
Copper	-14
Copper, Tinned	-14
Dumet	-2
Dumet, Gold Plated	-2
Evenohm	-14
Gold	-11
Hastalloy	-2
Inconel	-2
Invar	-2
Iridium	-2
Iron	-2
Karma	-2
Kovar	-2
Kovar, Gold Plated	-2
Kulgrid	-2
Magnesium	-1
Manganin	-2
Molybdenum	-2
Nichrome	-2
Nickel	-2
Nickel Alloy	-2
NiSpan C	-2
Nioblum	-2
Paliney 7	-2
Palladium	-14
Platinum	-2
Rhenium	-2
Silver	-11
Steel, Cold Rolled	-2
Steel, Stainless	-2
Tantalum	-2
Titanium	-2
Tungsten	-2
Zinc	-14

Densities Chart

DENSITIES
MATERIAL	DENSITY LOWEST	DENSITY HIGHEST	LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION
Metals	Lbs / in³	Lbs / in³	(Microinch/inch)/degrees F.
Admiralty Brass	0.30798515		11.2
Aluminum	0.09797721		13.1
Aluminum - melted	0.09248586	0.09537605
Aluminum bronze (3-10% Al)	0.27818013	0.31430742	9
Aluminum foil	0.09754368	0.09935005
Antifriction metal	0.32984216	0.38294927
Beryllium	0.06647421		6.7
Beryllium copper	0.29263105	0.29805014	9.3
Brass - casting	0.30346924	0.31430742
Brass - rolled and drawn	0.30455305	0.31539124
Bronze - lead	0.27818013	0.31430742
Bronze - phosphorous	0.31719761	0.32225543
Bronze (8-14% Sn)	0.26734195	0.32153288
Cast iron	0.24566557	0.28179286	5.8
Chemical Lead	0.40968347
Cobolt	0.31596928		6.7
Copper	0.32261670		9.8
Cupronickel	0.32297797		9
Delta metal	0.31069469
Electrum	0.30346924	0.32153288
Gold	0.69797924		7.9
Graphite	0.08128640
Hastelloy	0.33399680
Inconel	0.30697358		6.4
Incoloy	0.28999376		8
Iron	0.28359923
Lead	0.40968347
Light alloy based on Al	0.09248586	0.10115641
Light alloy based on Mg	0.06358403	0.06755803
Magnesium	0.06278923		12
Manganese Bronze	0.30198802		11.8
Mercury	0.49107825
Molybdenum	0.36806483		3
Monel	0.30202414	0.31936524	7.8
Nickel	0.31792015
Nickel silver	0.30346924	0.32153288
Platinum	0.77312401		5
Plutonium	0.71589838		19.84
Red Brass	0.31596928		10.4
Silver	0.37897527		11
Solder 50/50 Pb Sn	0.32099097
Steel	0.28359923
Steel, tool	0.27872204
Wrought Iron	0.27998650
Carbon Tool Steel	0.28251541
Steel, cold-drawn	0.28287668
Carbon Steel	0.28323795
Steel, C1020, HR	0.28359923
Iron	0.28396050
1% carbon	0.28287668
Cold drawn	0.28287668
Framing	0.28356310
Soft (0.06% C)	0.28432177
Ore (Hematite)	0.18807867
Cast (pig)	0.26040551
Metal	0.28396050
Ore (Magnetite)	0.18229831
Oxide pigment	0.01445092
Pyrites	0.08670550
Stainless (Type 304)	0.29010214
Stainless (Type 347)	0.28179286
Stainless (27CR)	0.26987086
Stainless 18Cr-8Ni	0.29010214
Tantalum	0.59971301		3.6
Tin	0.26300667		12.8
Titanium	0.16257281		4.8
Tungsten	0.70809488
Uranium	0.68280578		7.4
Vanadium	0.19848333		4.4
White metal	0.25650376
Wrought Iron	0.27998650
Zinc	0.25776821
Air (20 degrees C, 76 cm Hg)	0.00004353
Ammonia (liquid)	0.02785414
Ammonium Nitrate	0.02637292
Amonium Sulphate
Dry	0.04082384	0.03215329
Wet	0.04660420	0.02348274
Apples	0.02315759	0.07225458
Asbestos	0.07948004
Ashes		0.06141639
Wet	0.02637292
Dry	0.02059256
Asphalt	0.03974002
Asphalt (crushed)	0.02604778
Bakelite (typical)	0.04335275
Baking Powder	0.02604778
Barium
Barite (barium sulfate)	0.16257281
Elemental	0.12644552
Bauxite
Solid	0.10877927
Crushed	0.04627906
Beeswax	0.03471833	0.07225458
Bentonite	0.02142348
Benzene	0.02662581
Beryllium	0.06683549
Bismuth	0.35332490		7.2
Bone	0.06141639
Brick
Common red	0.06943665	0.05563603
Fire clay	0.08681388
Silica	0.07406094
Chrome	0.10126479
Magnesia	0.09259424
Butter	0.03106947
Cadmium	0.31250106
Calcium	0.05599730
Cardboard	0.02489170	0.05563603
Cellulose
Amorph	0.04696548
Wood	0.01806365
Cement
Clinker	0.04660420
Portland	0.05440770
Mortar	0.07810720
Slurry	0.05209555
Ceramic
Alumina	0.14089643
Aluminosilicate	0.09393095
Boron Carbide	0.09031823
Glass	0.09393095
Iron Slag	0.09953068
Graphitte	0.07814333
Lead Glass	0.10115641
Quartz Glass	0.07948004
Sapphire - 3.99	0.14414789
Tungsten Carbide	0.56719845
Zirconia	0.20773192	0.01589601
Zirconium Carbide	0.23699502
Cesium - 1.873	0.06766641
Charcoal
Oak	0.02059256
Pine	0.01011564
Chalk
Solid	0.09028210
Lumpy	0.05209555
Fine	0.04049869
Charcoal	0.00751448
Cinders
Furnace	0.03298422
Coal ash	0.02315759
Clay
Compacted	0.06307825
Dry excavated	0.03934262
Dry lump	0.03876458	0.05419094
Fire	0.04920537	0.06502912
Wet excavated	0.06596843
Wet lump	0.05787592
Coal
Bituminous	0.04335275
Anthracite	0.05057821
Coke	0.04338888
Lignite	0.04515911
Cobalt	0.31792015
Concrete
Limestone w/Portland	0.08562168
Gravel - 2.400	0.08670550
Copper	0.32261670
Cork		0.12716806
Solid	0.00867055
Ground	0.00578037
Crushed Stone	0.05780366
Deuterium	0.00059610
Diamond	0.10874314
Earth
Dense	0.07232683
Fullers, raw	0.02431367
Loam, dry excavated	0.05202330
Moist, excavated	0.05209555
Packed	0.05498574
Soft loose mud	0.06250021
Wet, excavated	0.05787592
Ethyl Alcohol	0.02897409	0.14812189
Fiberglass Insulation	0.00115607
Film emulsion	0.13782561
Fuel oil (medium weight)	0.03215329
Garbage (household rubbish)	0.01737723
Garnet grit	0.14089643	0.07008694
Gasoline	0.02604778	0.10115641
Gelatin	0.04588166	0.26011649
Glass
Borosilicate	0.08056386
Broken or cullet	0.04660420
Crown	0.09031823
Flint	0.13367097
Fused silica	0.07948004
Lead	0.23121466
Lead crystal	0.11199460
Plate (avg.)	0.08670550
Window	0.09317228
Glue
Animal, flaked	0.02026741
Vegetable, powdered	0.02315759
Gold
Pure	0.69797924
Coin	0.64631722
Graphite (flake)	0.02315759
Gravel
Loose, dry	0.05491348
With sand , natural	0.06936440	0.05780366
Dry, 1/4 to 2 inch	0.06076610
Wet, 1/4 to 2 inch	0.07232683
Gypsum
Solid	0.10068676
Broken	0.04660420
Crushed	0.05787592
Pulverized	0.04017355
Helium	0.00000645
Hydrogen	0.00000325
Ice
Crushed	0.02142348
Solid	0.03320098
Indium	0.26842576
Sulphate (pickling tank), dry	0.04335275
Sulphate (pickling tank), wet	0.04660420
Wrought	0.27341133
Ivory	0.06611294	0.06936440
Leather (common)	0.03417642
Limestone	0.09895265
Linoleum	0.04263020
Lithium Fluoride	0.09537605
Lumber (Framing, douglas Fir)	0.02026741
Manure	0.01445092
Marble (calcium carbonate)	0.09031823	0.10476914
Methyl Alcohol	0.02922698
Mineral Oil	0.03302034
Mud
Fluid	0.06250021
Packed	0.06885861
Muscle - ~1
Mylar	0.05021693
Nylon	0.03937875	0.04118511
Oil
Cake	0.02835992
Linseed	0.03403191
Petroleum	0.03182814
Oyster Shells (ground)	0.03067207
Paper	0.02528910	0.04338888
Paraffin	0.03244231
Peat
Dry	0.01445092
Moist	0.02893796
Wet	0.04049869
Plaster	0.03067207
Plastic
HDPE	0.03450156
Kevlar (149)	0.05310712
Kevlar (29)	0.05202330
Polyurethane	0.03612729
Rubber	0.05440770
Platinum	0.76951128		5
Plexiglass (Lucite)	0.04190766	0.04335275
Plutonium	0.62680848		19.84
Polyethylene	0.03323711
Polymethyl methacrylate (Lucite	0.04299148
Polystyrene	0.03721111	0.03865620
Polystyrene Insulation
Extruded	0.00104769
Expanded	0.00086705
Polyurethane Insulation	0.00086705
Porcelain	0.08309277	0.09031823
Potassium	0.03143074		46
Pyrex glass	0.08056386
Quartz
Solid	0.09548443
Lump	0.05614181
Sand	0.04338888
Rip-Rap	0.05787592
Rock salt	0.07875749
Rock
Excavated with shovel	0.05780366	0.06430658
Sandstone	0.08670550
Limestone	0.10513041
Granite	0.08851186
Rubber
Caoutchouc	0.03414029
Ground scrap	0.01737723
Manufactured	0.05498574
Natural	0.03323711
Butadiene copolymer	0.03305647
Neoprene	0.04443657
Sand
Bank	0.05357677
Dry	0.05787592
Loose	0.05209555
Torpedo	0.05787592
Water-filled	0.06943665
Wet	0.06943665
Wet, packed	0.07521702
With gravel, dry	0.05961003
With gravel, wet	0.07297713
Sea Water	0.03703047
Sewage sludge	0.02604778
Silicon dioxide	0.08381531
Silicon	0.08742804		2.8
Slag
Solid	0.07586731	0.14089643
Broken	0.06365628
Crushed, 1/4 inch	0.04281084
Snow
Compacted	0.01734110
Freshly fallen	0.00578037
Soap
Solid	0.02893796
Chips	0.00578037
Flakes	0.00578037
Powdered	0.01329484
Sodium			39
Elemental	0.03507960
Sodium Iodide	0.13258715
Starch	0.05527475
Stone
Crushed	0.05787592
Common, generic	0.09086013
Sugar
Brown	0.02604778
Powdered	0.02893796
Granulated	0.02893796
Raw cane	0.03471833
Talc	0.09754368	0.10115641
Tar	0.04165477
Tobacco	0.01156073
Thorium	0.41907656		6.7
Vegetable Oil	0.03359838
Vernucykute 0	0.02315759
Water
Pure (at 20 degrees C)	0.03612729
Sea	0.03706660
Wood
Alder	0.01517346	0.02456656
Apple	0.02384401	0.03034692
Ash	0.01842492
Balsa	0.00397400	0.00505782
Bamboo	0.01119946	0.01445092
Birch	0.02546974
Cedar	0.01770237	0.02059256
Dogwood	0.02745674
Mahogany	0.02546974
Oak	0.02781801
Pressed pulp board	0.00686419
Red Oak	0.02431367
Southern Pine	0.02348274
Sugar Maple	0.02489170
Walnut	0.02142348
White Pine	0.02420528

PROVIDING YOU WITH acf bonding EQUIPMENT, RENTALS, THERMODES, AND SUPPORT FOR YOUR acf bonding PROJECT.

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ACF BONDING

How We Can Help You

acf bonding equipment

AIT provides machines, hot-bars, custom tooling, and process engineering services to companies needing assistance with their ACF (anisotropic conductive film) hot-bar bonding process. Bonding with a hot-bar (thermode) is an ideal way of making anisotropic conductive film attachment. The best way to begin is by sending us pictures or samples of your products that you wish to have bonded. Then we can make a recommendation of what equipment would be best, and provide price and availability on the equipment you need.

About ACF

(Anisotropic conductive film) or ACF tape is an epoxy system used to make electrical connections between drive electronics and substrates such as chip-on-glass (COG), flex-on-glass (FOG), flex-on-board (FOB), flex-on-flex (FOF), chip-on-flex (COF), chip-on-board (COB), and similar applications.

The ACF Bonding Process

ACF material is a heat bondable adhesive with conductive particules randomly distributed throughout in such a way that when compressed and curred, it is only conductive in the Z axis, and not conductive in X or Y (horizontally), so that insulation value is maintained between traces on a PCB or other component. During the ACF bonding process, heat and pressure are applied via a thermode ( or hot bar) on to the ACF film or other component that is sandwiching the ACF material between the drive and substrate. The conductive particles are compressed between the traces or conductive bumps on the components being joined. The spheres are compressed together contacting the bonding footprints and thus provide electrical contact. As the heat is removed, the conductive particles are trapped into permanent compressed form. The particles are distributed with a minimum chance of electrical shorting in the x-axis and y-axis, other than under the points of compression.

ACF has been used in glass display applications for many years. It has recently become widely used in COF and COB areas. Industries that use this technology most are the mobile phone manufacturing, automotive industry, and LCD production / mobile computers. The source for heat and pressure in ACF bonding is most often a hot bar, or thermode. Hot bar bonding systems are designed to heat the hot bar to a specific temperature using low voltage electricity, which temperature is fed back to the controller via a thermocouple. Tooling is designed to hold the components incorrect orientation and position while the bonding is taking place. The hot bar is then brought into contact with the ACF material over the top of the bonding pad, heated to the bonding temperature, and held for a specified time. This process is what produces the connection between the ACF material and the components. Advanced Integrated Technologies is equipped to assist you with your ACF bonding process. Call us today to put our experience to work for you.

acf-bonding-infographic

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